流水线类型 #

一、Pipeline类型概览 #

GitLab CI支持多种Pipeline类型，满足不同的使用场景。

text

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    Pipeline 类型                             │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                              │
│  ┌─────────────────┐  ┌─────────────────┐                  │
│  │ 分支流水线       │  │ MR流水线        │                  │
│  │ (Branch)        │  │ (Merge Request) │                  │
│  └─────────────────┘  └─────────────────┘                  │
│                                                              │
│  ┌─────────────────┐  ┌─────────────────┐                  │
│  │ 定时流水线       │  │ 手动流水线      │                  │
│  │ (Scheduled)     │  │ (Manual)        │                  │
│  └─────────────────┘  └─────────────────┘                  │
│                                                              │
│  ┌─────────────────┐  ┌─────────────────┐                  │
│  │ 父子流水线       │  │ 多项目流水线    │                  │
│  │ (Parent-Child)  │  │ (Multi-project) │                  │
│  └─────────────────┘  └─────────────────┘                  │
│                                                              │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

二、分支流水线（Branch Pipeline） #

基本概念 #

分支流水线是最常见的类型，当推送代码到分支时自动触发。

yaml

stages:
  - build
  - test

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm run build

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm test

触发条件 #

yaml

job_name:
  script: echo "Hello"
  only:
    - branches

排除特定分支 #

yaml

job_name:
  script: echo "Hello"
  only:
    - branches
  except:
    - main
    - develop

使用rules控制 #

yaml

job_name:
  script: echo "Hello"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
      when: always
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop"
      when: manual
    - when: never

三、合并请求流水线（Merge Request Pipeline） #

基本概念 #

MR流水线在创建或更新Merge Request时触发，用于代码审查前的自动化验证。

yaml

stages:
  - test

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm test
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"

MR流水线配置 #

yaml

workflow:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm test

lint:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm run lint
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"

MR流水线优势 #

优势	说明
早期发现问题	合并前发现代码问题
提高代码质量	强制通过测试才能合并
自动化审查	自动运行lint、安全扫描等
合并条件	可设置为合并的必要条件

设置MR流水线为合并条件 #

进入项目Settings → Merge requests
启用"Merge checks"
勾选"Pipelines must succeed"

四、定时流水线（Scheduled Pipeline） #

创建定时流水线 #

进入项目CI/CD → Schedules
点击"New schedule"
设置Cron表达式和时间
选择目标分支

Cron表达式 #

text

┌───────────── 分钟 (0 - 59)
│ ┌───────────── 小时 (0 - 23)
│ │ ┌───────────── 日 (1 - 31)
│ │ │ ┌───────────── 月 (1 - 12)
│ │ │ │ ┌───────────── 星期 (0 - 6, 0=周日)
│ │ │ │ │
* * * * *

常用Cron示例 #

表达式	说明
`0 * * * *`	每小时执行
`0 0 * * *`	每天午夜执行
`0 0 * * 1`	每周一执行
`0 0 1 * *`	每月1日执行
`0 9 * * 1-5`	工作日早上9点执行
`/15 * * *`	每15分钟执行

定时流水线配置 #

yaml

nightly_build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm run build
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"

daily_test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm test
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"

定时流水线变量 #

yaml

variables:
  SCHEDULE_TYPE: "nightly"

nightly_job:
  script:
    - echo "Running nightly build..."
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"
      variables:
        RUN_FULL_TESTS: "true"

五、手动流水线（Manual Pipeline） #

通过API触发 #

bash

curl --request POST \
  --form token=TOKEN \
  --form ref=main \
  --form "variables[DEPLOY_ENV]=staging" \
  https://gitlab.example.com/api/v4/projects/ID/trigger/pipeline

通过界面触发 #

进入CI/CD → Pipelines
点击"Run pipeline"
选择分支
添加变量（可选）
点击"Run pipeline"

手动触发配置 #

yaml

deploy_production:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploying to production..."
  when: manual
  environment:
    name: production
    url: https://example.com

手动Job配置 #

yaml

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - ./deploy.sh
  when: manual
  allow_failure: false
  environment:
    name: production

六、Webhook触发流水线 #

配置Webhook #

进入项目Settings → Webhooks
添加Webhook URL
选择触发事件
保存

Webhook触发示例 #

yaml

trigger_pipeline:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Triggered by webhook"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "external"

七、父子流水线（Parent-Child Pipeline） #

基本概念 #

父流水线可以触发子流水线，实现流水线的模块化和复用。

yaml

stages:
  - build
  - test

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm run build

child_pipeline:
  stage: test
  trigger:
    include: child-pipeline.yml
    strategy: depend

子流水线配置 #

yaml

stages:
  - test

unit_test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm run test:unit

integration_test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm run test:integration

动态子流水线 #

yaml

generate-config:
  stage: build
  script: ./generate-config.sh
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - generated-config.yml

child-pipeline:
  stage: test
  trigger:
    include:
      - artifact: generated-config.yml
        job: generate-config

八、多项目流水线（Multi-project Pipeline） #

基本概念 #

触发其他项目的流水线，实现跨项目协作。

yaml

stages:
  - build
  - trigger

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm run build

trigger_downstream:
  stage: trigger
  trigger:
    project: my-group/my-project
    branch: main
    strategy: depend

传递变量 #

yaml

trigger_downstream:
  stage: trigger
  trigger:
    project: my-group/my-project
    branch: main
  variables:
    UPSTREAM_COMMIT: $CI_COMMIT_SHA
    DEPLOY_ENV: staging

九、Pipeline来源变量 #

CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE值 #

值	说明
`push`	Git push触发
`web`	Web界面触发
`trigger`	API触发
`schedule`	定时触发
`api`	API调用触发
`external`	外部CI服务触发
`pipeline`	多项目流水线触发
`parent_pipeline`	父流水线触发
`merge_request_event`	MR事件触发
`external_pull_request_event`	外部PR事件触发

使用示例 #

yaml

job_name:
  script: echo "Hello"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"
      when: always
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"
      when: always
    - when: never

十、workflow控制 #

控制Pipeline创建 #

yaml

workflow:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
      when: always
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop"
      when: always
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
      when: always
    - when: never

合并MR和分支流水线 #

yaml

workflow:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop"

避免重复流水线 #

yaml

workflow:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH && $CI_OPEN_MERGE_REQUESTS && $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"
      when: never
    - when: always

十一、完整示例 #

多触发源配置 #

yaml

stages:
  - lint
  - test
  - build
  - deploy

workflow:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop"
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "web"

lint:
  stage: lint
  script:
    - npm run lint
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm test
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop"

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm run build
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - dist/

nightly_test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm run test:full
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"

deploy_staging:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploying to staging..."
  environment:
    name: staging
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop"
      when: manual

deploy_production:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - echo "Deploying to production..."
  environment:
    name: production
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
      when: manual

下一步 #

现在你已经了解了各种Pipeline类型，接下来让我们学习变量与环境！